Three vital signs define a city's urban pulse

Cities are complex, dynamic systems rather than static grids, characterized by an urbanization process that is "spiky," cyclical, and asynchronous. Understanding these patterns is crucial for urban planning and development. This perspective moves beyond traditional models to capture the fluid and often unpredictable nature of city growth and activity. Analyzing these vital signs can provide deeper insights into urban dynamics, helping to manage resources and infrastructure more effectively in response to evolving urban landscapes.